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Indian Ambassadors present to, from 'A treatise on chess', 14th centuryThe history of games dates to the ancient human past. Are an integral part of all cultures and are one of the oldest forms of human social interaction. Games are formalized expressions of play which allow people to go beyond immediate and direct physical activity. Common features of games include uncertainty of outcome, agreed upon rules, competition, separate place and time, elements of fiction, elements of chance, prescribed goals and personal enjoyment.Games capture the ideas and worldviews of their cultures and pass them on to the future generation.

Games were important as cultural and social bonding events, as teaching tools and as markers of social status. As pastimes of royalty and the elite, some games became common features of and were also given as gifts. Games such as and the were often imbued with mythic and ritual religious significance. Games like and were used to teach spiritual and ethical lessons while and (Go) were seen as a way to develop strategic thinking and mental skill by the political and military elite.In his 1938 book, Homo Ludens, Dutch cultural historian argued that games were a primary condition of the generation of human cultures. Huizinga saw the playing of games as something that “is older than culture, for culture, however inadequately defined, always presupposes human society, and animals have not waited for man to teach them their playing.” Huizinga saw games as a starting point for complex human activities such as language, law, war, philosophy and art.

Shatranj set, glazed fritware, 12th centuryAfter the (638-651) spread to the Arab world. While pre-Islamic chess sets represented Elephants, Horses, Kings and Soldiers; the Islamic prohibition against image worship led to increasing abstraction in chess set design. Islamic chess pieces were therefore simple cylindrical and rectangular shapes. The game became immensely popular during of the 9th century.

The Abbasid Caliphs and were avid Shatranj players. During this period Muslim chess players published several treatises on ( mansubat) and ( ta'biyat). Elite players such as Al-Adli, and Ar-Razi were called aliyat or 'grandees' and played at the courts of the and wrote about the game.

Al-Adli (800-870) is known for writing Kitab ash-shatranj (book of chess), a comprehensive work on the game, including history, openings, endgames and chess problems. Al-Adli also developed a system for ranking players. During the reign of the conqueror (1336–1405), a variant of chess known as was developed which some sources attribute to Timur himself who was known to be a fan of the game. Pit marks supposed to be ancient Gebeta (i.e.

Mancala) boards in the base of an,The most widespread of the native African games is. Mancala is a family of board games played around the world, sometimes called ' games, or 'count-and-capture' games, which describes the gameplay. The word mancala:منقلة comes from the word naqala:نقلة meaning literally 'to move'.

The earliest evidence of consists of fragments of pottery boards and several rock cuts found in in Ethiopia, (now in ), and (also in Ethiopia), which have been dated by archaeologists to between the 6th and 7th century CE. More than 800 names of traditional mancala games are known, and almost 200 invented games have been described. However, some names denote the same game, while some names are used for more than one game. Today, the game is played worldwide, with representing different regions of the.Americas.

Late 18th Century game board on cloth in the decorative arts gallery of the. 85.312The Ancient Indian game of was brought to the west by the British in the 1863 and an adaptation of the game named was first copyrighted in the United States by EG Selchow & Co in 1869.

A version of the game called was patented in 1896. A similar German race game, ('Man, don't get annoyed'), became immensely popular with German troops during. Another Indian game which was adopted by the West was (a.k.a. Moksha Patam), popularly known as. This was a game which was intended to teach lessons about and good and bad actions, the ladders represented virtues and the snakes vices.

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The moral lesson of the game was that spiritual liberation, or could only be achieved through virtuous action, while vice led to endless reincarnation. The game dates to medieval India where it was played by Jains and Hindus. A Buddhist version, known as 'ascending the spiritual levels' (Tibetan: sa gnon rnam bzhags) is played in Nepal and Tibet while a Muslim version of the game played during the from the late 17th or early 18th centuries featured the 101 names of God. The game was first brought to Victorian England and it was published in the United States as Chutes and Ladders (an 'improved new version of England's famous indoor sport') by game pioneer in 1943.The first board game for which the name of its designer is known is 'A Journey Through Europe or the Play of Geography', a map-based game published in 1759 by, a and writing teacher.

Designed in England by George Fox in 1800, became the prototype for commercial board games for at least two centuries to follow. The first board game published in the United States was 'Traveller's Tour Through the United States', published by New York City bookseller F. Lockwood in 1822. The earliest board games published in the United States were based upon Christian morality and included The Mansion of Happiness (1843) and The Game of Pope or Pagan, or The Siege of the Stronghold of Satan by the Christian Army (1844).

While demonstrating the commercial viability of the ancient race game format, its moralistic overtones were countered by in 1860 with the introduction of a radically different concept of success in, in which material successes came as a result of accomplishments such as attending college, marrying, and getting rich. Likewise the (1886) also focused on secular capitalist virtues rather than the religious. British soldiers playing cards in, 1915.During the 15th century began to approach the contemporary regional styles and the court cards evolved to represent European royalty. Early European card games included,. In 1674 Charles Cotton's published his 'Compleat Gamester', one of the first books which set out to outline rules for many card and dice games.

During the mid 16th century, Portuguese traders introduced playing cards to. The first reference to twenty-one, the precursor of is found in a book by the Spanish author.

Cervantes was a, and the main characters of his tale are cheats proficient at playing ventiuna (twenty-one).The game of appears to have developed in the early 17th century, as an adaptation of the earlier card game. Was likely derived from the earlier, a game popular in France during the 17th century. 1742 saw the publication of Edmund Hoyle's 'Short Treatise on the Game of ' which became one of the bestselling publications of the 18th century. Was widely played during the 18th and 19th centuries, having evolved from the 16th century game of Trump (or Ruff) by way of.first came to the attention of the public at large and grew to be widely played as a direct result of the of 1891, and bears resemblances to the card games and, both of which were very popular during the 19th century. The rules of were originally published in 1925, the game having been derived from Bridge games with rules published as early as 1886, Bridge games, in turn, having evolved from the earlier game of Whist.The first documented game of dates from an 1833 Mississippi river steamer. During the the game was popular with soldiers and additions were made including, and the. Modern play became popular in casinos after the (WSOP) began, in 1970.

Poker's popularity experienced at the beginning of the 21st century, largely because of the introduction of and, which turned the game into a. In 2009 the was founded in, becoming the official governing body for poker.or trading card games while bearing similarities to earlier games in concept, first achieved wide popularity in the 1990s. The first trading card game was 'The Base Ball Card Game' produced by The Allegheny Card Co. And registered on 4 April 1904.

It featured 104 unique baseball cards with individual player attributes printed on the cards enabling each collector to build a team and play the game against another person. The 1990s saw the rise of games such as and the.Miniature wargaming. Playinggames have their origin in a German chess variant called 'The King's Game', created in 1780 by Helwig, Master of Pages to the Duke of Brunswick.

It had a board with 1,666 squares of varying types of terrain, with pieces representing modern military units. In the early 19th century, the developed war games or 'kriegspieler', with staff officers moving pieces around on a game table, using dice rolls to indicate chance or 'friction' and with an umpire scoring the results. After the stunning Prussian in the 19th century, the, and all began to make use of wargaming as a training tool.

By 1889 wargaming was firmly embedded in the culture of the U.S. Navy.The first non-military wargame rules were developed by Naval enthusiast and analyst in 1898. Published rules in his (1911) and (1913) designed for wargaming with toy soldiers.

In 1956, known as the 'Father of Modern Miniature Wargaming' organized the first miniatures convention and he was also a manufacturer of military miniatures and editor of a wargaming newsletter. Miniature war games became affordable and mainstream in the late 1950s with the rise of cheaper miniature production methods by miniature figure manufacturers such as Scruby Miniatures, Miniature Figurines and Hinchliffe. During the 1980s there was a boom in miniature wargaming with the development of games such as. Today miniature wargaming includes most historical eras, fantasy and science fiction settings as well as (, ), and wargames (, ).Role playing games. Main article:Modern developed from different European games, many of them played by European royalty. Developed in France, French kings like (1515–47) and (1547–59) were well known players. Originated in Scotland, where the first written record of golf is James II's banning of the game in 1457.

The ban was lifted by James IV in 1502 who also played golf. Can be traced back to Tudor times in early 16th-century England and the modern rules of and are based on mid-19th century rules made to standardise the football games played. These team sports were spread worldwide by the influence of the.Electronic games. Main articles: andThe earliest reference to a purely electronic game appears to be a United States patent registration in 1947 for what was described by its inventors as a '. Through the 1950s and 1960s the majority of early computer games ran on university in the. Beginning in 1971, video began to be offered to the public for play.

The first, the, was released in 1972.The began in 1978 and continued through to the mid-1980s. A, released between 1977 and 1983, saw increased popularity as a result of this, though this eventually came to an abrupt end with the. The home was eventually revitalized with the over the next few years, which saw a shift in the dominance of the video game industry from the United States to.

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This same time period saw the advent of the, specialized gaming, early, and the introduction of and eventually.One popular electronic gaming company, Nintendo changed the world of gaming. The founder of Nintendo, Fusajiro Yamauchi, initially created Japanese flower cards. These became a huge hit in the western world. Yamauchi Nintendo & Co. Was their first company name, then in 1951, the company changed their name to Nintendo Playing Card Co. The company created a laser clay shooting system which many took on as a hobby. Nintendo then developed a 16mm projection system in 1974 which also became a huge hit in the western world.

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Six years later, Nintendo created “Donkey Kong”, a game in which the “Jumpman” has to rescue his girlfriend from the ape. They later named “Jumpman” to “Mario” after their office landlord. In 1984, the company created split screen multiplayer screens which changed video games forever. As it allowed multiple people to play at time, Super Mario Bros.

Interested most people in this type of game play. In 1989, the GameBoy was introduced and became the company’s most popular game console. As a result, many of the consoles that came after the Nintendo Gameboy were also very popular like the Nintendo DS, Wii, and DSi. When it comes to gaming consoles, the Nintendo products have been the most versatile systems. While most companies have created stationary systems, not meant to leave the living room, Nintendo has thrived off of mobile gaming systems. Specifically, according to the Nintendo Switch Website, “Nintendo Switch is designed to go wherever you go, transforming from home console to portable system in a snap. So you get more time to play the games you love, however you like.”References.